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Calling Conventions Demystified
Visual C++ calling conventions explained.
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Calling Conventions
Calling Conventions. good history.
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x86 Disassembly/Calling Conventions
Calling conventions are a standardized method for functions to be implemented and called by the machine. A calling convention specifies the method that a compiler sets up to access a subroutine. In theory, code from any compiler can be interfaced together, so long as the functions all have the same calling conventions. In practice however, this is not always the case..
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__stdcall
The __stdcall calling convention is used to call Win32 API functions. The callee cleans the stack, so the compiler makes vararg functions __cdecl. Functions that use this calling convention require a function prototype. The __stdcall modifier is Microsoft-specific..
The /Gz compiler option specifies __stdcall for all functions not explicitly declared with a different calling convention.
For compatibility with previous versions, _stdcall is a synonym for __stdcall unless compiler option /Za (Disable language extensions) is specified.
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what does WINAPI stand for
I've started to learn Win32 API in C. I saw that the main function is something like
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) { .. }
but I know that a function in C is like
[ReturnType] [FunctionName] (Args) { .. }
In this case the return type is int and the function name is WinMain. So what does the WINAPI stand for and is it necessary?.
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Using Win32 calling conventions
When writing code for the Win32 platform, most developers don't pay attention to selecting a "calling convention", and in most cases it doesn't really matter much. But as systems get larger and split into more modules (especially when third-party modules are to be included), this becomes something that cannot really be ignored..
In this Tech Tip, we discuss what the MSVC calling conventions are, why to choose one over the other, and "big system" considerations that may not be obvious.
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Intel x86 Function-call Conventions - Assembly View
One of the "big picture" issues in looking at compiled C code is the function-calling conventions. These are the methods that a calling function and a called function agree on how parameters and return values should be passed between them, and how the stack is used by the function itself. The layout of the stack constitutes the "stack frame", and knowing how this works can go a long way to decoding how something works.
In C and modern CPU design conventions, the stack frame is a chunk of memory, allocated from the stack, at run-time, each time a function is called, to store its automatic variables. Hence nested or recursive calls to the same function, each successively obtain their own separate frames.
Physically, a function's stack frame is the area between the addresses contained in esp, the stack pointer, and ebp, the frame pointer (base pointer in Intel terminology). Thus, if a function pushes more values onto the stack, it is effectively growing its frame..
This is a very low-level view: the picture as seen from the C/C++ programmer is illustrated elsewhere:
• Unixwiz.net Tech Tip: Intel x86 Function-call Conventions - C Programmer's View
For the sake of discussion, we're using the terms that the Microsoft Visual C compiler uses to describe these conventions, even though other platforms may use other terms.
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x86 calling conventions
This article describes the calling conventions used when programming x86 architecture microprocessors.
Calling conventions describe the interface of called code:
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The order in which atomic (scalar) parameters, or individual parts of a complex parameter, are allocated
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How parameters are passed (pushed on the stack, placed in registers, or a mix of both)
Which registers the called function must preserve for the caller (also known as: callee-saved registers or non-volatile registers)
How the task of preparing the stack for, and restoring after, a function call is divided between the caller and the callee.
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Win32 API: Calling Convention - 2020
A calling convention is a scheme for how functions receive parameters from their caller and how they return a result. The calling conventions can differ in where parameters and return values are placed (in registers; on the call stack; a mix of both), the order they are placed.
WIN32 introduction
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WINAPI introduction: very good
Win32 API
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Win32 API - Introduction
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Win32 API - C Run Time Libraries
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Calling Conventions
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Win32 API - DLL
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Win32 API - MFC
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Kernel Objects, Handles, and Synchronization.
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Calling convention
The calling convention states how arguments (parameters) are passed to a function and how the caller receives a return value. Amont others, the convention regulates if those values are passed via CPU registers and/or via the stack and which registers are guaranteed to preserve their values accross function calls.
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When to use WINAPI, CALLBACK and _stdcall _cdecl _pascal usage differences summary
When to use WINAPI, CALLBACK and _stdcall _cdecl _pascal usage differences summary
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Win32 calling conventions: Usage cases
Last time, I talked about some of the general concepts behind the varying calling conventions in use on Win32 (x86). This posting focuses on the implications and usage cases behind each of the calling conventions, in an effort to provide a better understanding as to when you’ll see them used..
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What are the different calling conventions in C/C++ and what do each mean?
There are different calling conventions available in C/C++: stdcall, extern, pascal, etc. How many such calling conventions are available, and what do each mean? Are there any links that describe these?.
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